¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ÁßÀ§±Ç ¿­°­°ú ¾Æ(ä¬)Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ·Ð


¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÁøÇà ÁßÀÎ Åä·Ð¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¿©¿Í ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ÇØ°áÀ» À§ÇÑ Á¦¾È

 

¹ÌÇÏ¿¤ ÇÁ·Úºê½ºÆÃ, Çõ¸íÀû °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³Î µ¿¸Í (RCIT) ±¹Á¦¼­±â, 2019³â 8¿ù 1ÀÏ, www.thecommunists.net

 

 

°¡Àå ¼±ÁøÀûÀÎ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀεµµÈ ´ç¸¸ÀÌ ÀüÀ§Åõ»çÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ·¹´ÑÀº ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù.[1] ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¹«±â°í¸¦ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ °ËÅäÇÏ°í, ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀ» ´õ ¹ßÀü½ÃÄѾßÇÑ´Ù.

 

±Ù·¡¿¡ ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¾Æ(ä¬)Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ(sub-imperialism) ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ À¯ÇàÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. Áß±¹, ·¯½Ã¾Æ, ºê¶óÁú, Àεµ, ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°øÈ­±¹, À̶õ, ±×¸®½º, ÅÍÅ°¿Í °°Àº ´ÙÁ¾´Ù¾çÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀ» ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤ ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀǶó´Â °³³äÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

RCIT´Â ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¿À·ù¶ó°í º»´Ù. ±×¸®°í V.I. ·¹´ÑÀÌ ¸í½ÃÇÑ ¹ÙÀÇ ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀû Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ À̷аú ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» °ËÅä, ³íÀÇÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ°í, ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ºñÆÇÀ» ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹®¼­¿¡¼­ Á¦½ÃÇØ ¿Ô´Ù.[2] ¶Ç ¿ì¸®´Â Áß±¹°ú ·¯½Ã¾Æ °°Àº ³ª¶ó°¡ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ °­´ë±¹ÀÓÀ» ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ¿¬±¸µé ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÀÔÁõÇØ º¸¿© ¿Ô´Ù.[3] ¿ì¸®´Â ¶ÇÇÑ À§¿¡ °Å·ÐµÈ ³ª¶óµéÀÌ ¹Ý(Úâ)½Ä¹ÎÁö ±¹°¡µé (Á¾Á¾ Ư¼ö¼ºÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ)ÀÓÀ» µ¹¾Æ°¡¸ç º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.[4]

 

¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä °áÇÔ°ú À§Çè

 

¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀû °áÁ¡µéÀº ÀÏ´Ü Á¦Ãĵΰí, ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀº Áß±¹··¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í °°Àº ±¹°¡µéÀÌ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ °­´ë±¹µéº¸´Ù ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¾àÇÏ¸ç µû¶ó¼­ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ °­´ë±¹µé¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °á·ÐÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀ» ÀÌ·ç°í Àִµ¥, ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¿øÁ¶ÀÎ ºê¶óÁú »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚ ÈÄÀÌ ¸¶¿ì·ç ¸¶¸®´Ï (Ruy Mauro Marini)¿¡°Ô¼­ ƯÈ÷ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÅëÇÕÁÖÀÇÀû Áß½ÉºÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ±äÀåÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ °ú°Åó·³ °ø°ø¿¬ÇÑ Àû´ë°ü°è¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç Àû´ëÀû Çù·ÂÀÇ Æ² ¾È¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¯¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.[5] ¸¶¸®´ÏÀÇ ÀüÅë¿¡ ¼­ÀÖ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÀúÀÚÀÇ ¸»·Î ¿Å±âÀÚ¸é, “Àû´ëÀû Çù·ÂÀ̶õ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ³ª¶ó°¡ °áÄÚ Á¾¼ÓÀû °æÁ¦ »óŸ¦ ¶°³ªÁö ¾ÊÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ³ª¶ó°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. '¹ÎÁ· ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ Áö¹è ÀÚü¿¡ Àǹ®À» Á¦±â ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç (Á¦±âÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÀÌ´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ÀÚü¿¡ Àǹ®À» Á¦±âÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÏ ÅÍÀÌ´Ï), ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¾¼ÓÀû ÁöÀ§ ³»¿¡¼­ ´õ ³ªÀº °ü°è ¤Ñ ´õ ³ªÀº °¡°Ý, ´õ ³ªÀº ÇùÁ¤, ÀûÀýÇÑ ÂøÃë ¿µ¿ª µîµî ¤Ñ ¸¦ ³õ°í °Å·¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù.'”[6]

 

°£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ­, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ¿À·£ ±â°£ ¼¼°è ÆбDZ¹À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ µµÀüÇÏ°í ³ª¼± Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¶óÀ̹úµéÀÎ Áß±¹··¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ´õ±º´Ù³ª, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ÀÌµé °æÀï °­´ë±¹µé °£ÀÇ ´ë°áÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀϾ ¶§ (±×µéÀÇ À̷аú ´Þ¸®), ¸í¹éÇÑ ³­Á¡¿¡ ºÎ´ÚÄ£´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀº »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ» ¿ÀµµÇÏ¿© ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÁø¿µ¿¡ (Áï Áß±¹· ·¯½Ã¾Æ Æí¿¡) ¼­°Ô ¸¸µå´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â °ð¹Ù·Î Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ´ë±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸ¾Ö±¹ÁÖÀÇÀû ÅõÇ×À¸·Î µÇ¾î¹ö¸°´Ù.

 

¿ì¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ·ÐÀÇ ¸ðµç ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀÌ ±× °°Àº Àü¼úÀû °á·ÐÀ» °è±ÞÅõÀï¿¡ ²ø¾î³½´Ù°í ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¶Ç ±×·¸°Ô Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖÁöµµ ¾Ê´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ À§ÇèÇÏ°í À߸øµÈ °á·ÐÀÌ ¾Ï¹¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ³»ÀçÇØ ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.

 

Áß±¹··¯½Ã¾Æ ¸»°í ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁöÀÎ ³ª¶óµéÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡, ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ·ÐÀº ÀÌ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶óµéÀÌ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇ°í ÃÊ°úÂøÃë ´çÇÏ´Â °ü°è¸¦ ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀ» ¿ÀµµÇÏ¿© ±×·¯ÇÑ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ”(½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö) ³ª¶óµéÀ» Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ Ä§·«¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¹æ¾îÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â À§ÇèÀ¸·Î ¸ô¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. (ÀÌ´Â Àüü Åä·Ð¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Ù).

 

¿µ±¹ »çȸÁÖÀdz뵿ÀÚ´ç°ú ±¹Á¦»çȸÁÖÀÇ °æÇâ (SWP/IST) °¡¸Í Á¶Á÷µéÀÌ ¿©±â¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÑ´Ù. “Ŭ¸®ÇÁ ÆÄ” (â°ÇÀÚ Åä´Ï Ŭ¸®ÇÁÀÇ À̸§À» µû¶ó)·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÀÌ ÁßµµÁÖÀÇ Á¶·ù´Â ³²¹Ý±¸ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ³ª¶óµéÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀDZ¹°¡°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä À̷а¡ ¾Ë·º½º Ķ¸®´ÏÄÚ½º´Â 1991³â¿¡ À̽º¶ó¿¤, À̶õ, À̶óÅ©, ÀÌÁýÆ®, ½Ã¸®¾Æ, ÅÍÅ° (...) Àεµ, º£Æ®³², ³²¾Æ°ø, ³ªÀÌÁö¸®¾Æ, ºê¶óÁú, ¾Æ¸£ÇîƼ³ª¸¦ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ·Î ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤ Çß´Ù.[7] ±Ù 30³âÀÌ Áö³­ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ±×°¡ ÀÌ ÀâÅÁ ¸ñ·Ï¿¡ °è¼Ó Ãß°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °Å¶ó°í »ó»óÇϱâ¶õ ¾î·ÆÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Ŭ¸®ÇÁÁÖÀÇ SWP/IST´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀdzª¶ó Çϳª°¡ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ °­´ë±¹ÀÇ Ä§·«¿¡ Á÷¸éÇßÀ» ¶§ ¹æ¾îÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÌ Á¶ÀâÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ¿µ±¹ÀÌ ¸»ºñ³ª½º ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¸£ÇîƼ³ª¸¦ °ø°ÝÇß´ø 1982³âÀÇ À̾߱â´Ù.[8] Ŭ¸®ÇÁÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ Á߸³Àû ÀÔÀåÀ» Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ ±×µé ¹öÀüÀÇ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ·ÐÀ» »ç¿ëÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ ¶§ ½ÇÁ¦ ¹ÝÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀû ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ Àǹ«´Â ¾Æ¸£ÇîƼ³ªÀÇ Æí¿¡ ¼­¼­ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ÆÐÀüÀ» ³»°É¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. “ÀÌ ÀüÀïÀº ¹Ý(Úã)½Ä¹Î ÅõÀïµµ, ÇǾï¾Ð ¹ÎÁ·°ú ¾ï¾Ð ¹ÎÁ· °£ÀÇ ÅõÀïµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´ÙÅõ´Â ¾çÃøÀº, Çϳª´Â Áö¿ªÀû· ´ë·úÀû Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» °¡Áø ½ÅÈï ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ³ª¶óÀÌ°í, ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ ¼èÅð¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °­·ÂÇÑ ¼¼·ÂÀÎ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¿À·¡µÈ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿­°­ÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â Áøº¸Àû Áø¿µµµ, ¹Ýµ¿Àû Áø¿µµµ ¾ø´Ù."[9]

 

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹æ½ÄÀº 1990/91³â°ú 2003³â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ À̶óÅ© ħ°ø ¶§, ¶Ç´Â ÇöÀç À̶õ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ µµ¹ß¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ½ÁÇÑ ÀÔÀåÀ¸·Î, ¹è¹ÝÀûÀÎ Á߸³ ³ë¼±À¸·Î À̾îÁ³´Ù.[10]

 

ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¶Ç Çϳª ¸Å¿ì ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¿¹´Â ÇöÀç ¼¼ ´ÜÀ§·Î ÂÉ°³Áö´Â Æı«ÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚ ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³Î À§¿øȸ (CWI)°¡ ÃëÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀÌ´Ù. CWIÀÇ ¹Ì±¹ ÁöºÎ <»çȸÁÖÀÇÀû ´ë¾È (Socialist Alternative)>Àº ÃÖ±Ù ¹Ì±¹°ú À̶õ °£ÀÇ ºÐÀï °ÝÈ­ ¹× Áßµ¿¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÀüÀï À§Çù¿¡ °üÇÑ ³í¼³À» ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ³í¼³¿¡¼­ CWI´Â ¹Ì±¹»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À̶õµµ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ·Î ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. “À̶õ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¹Ì Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ À§Çù¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÑÆí¿¡¼­´Â À̶õ ¶ÇÇÑ Áßµ¿¿¡¼­ Áö¿ª Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.”[11] CWI´Â Æ®·³ÇÁ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÀüÀï Ã¥µ¿°ú À̶õ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¦Àç Á¶Ä¡¿¡ ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô ¹Ý´ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ±º»çÀû ´ë°á¿¡¼­ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© Áßµ¿ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÇѸ¶µðµµ ¹àÈ÷±â¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó CWI´Â ÇÑ °ÉÀ½ ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡ ±ººñöÆó·ÐÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ À̶õÀÇ ¹«ÀåÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÑ´Ù. “¿ì¸®´Â À̶õÀÌ ÇÙ¹«±â¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ÁöÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.” Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, À̶õÀÇ ÇÙ¹«±â °³¹ß ¹Ý´ë´Â ¹Ì Á¦±¹ÁÖÀǻӸ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À̽º¶ó¿¤ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ¿ä±¸ Áß Çϳª´Ù.

 

°£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ­, CWI´Â Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ °­´ë±¹ÀÇ Ä§·«¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇϱâ À§ÇØ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ” (“¾Æ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀǶǴ Áö¿ª Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ”)¶ó´Â ¶óº§À» ¹ß¸íÇس½ ÁßµµÁÖÀÇ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¶Ç Çϳª ¿¹´Ù.

 

 

¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¢±Ù

 

¾Æ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ À̷п¡ µ¿Á¶Çϸ鼭µµ ±× °°Àº ¹è¹ÝÀûÀÎ °á·ÐÀ» µµÃâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ¸¼½ºÁÖ ÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÀûÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×·± µ¿Áöµé°ú ÇÔ²² ¿ì¸®´Â ´ëÈ­¿¡ µé¾î°¡±æ ¿øÇÑ´Ù.

 

ÀÌ ±Û¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Æ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ À̷п¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¹Ýº¹ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ´ë½Å ¿ì¸®´Â ½ÅÈï ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ±¹°¡µéÀ» ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤ ÇÏ´Â µ¥ º¸´Ù Àû½ÇÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¹üÁÖ¸¦ Á¦¾ÈÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.

 

ù°, Áß±¹··¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í ±× ¹ÛÀÇ ³ª¶óµé ¤Ñ Áï ¿ª»ç¿Í ¼Ó¼ºÀÌ Áß··¯¿Í´Â Å©°Ô ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµé ¤Ñ °£¿¡ È®½ÇÇÑ ±¸ºÐÀ» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀÌ´Ù. Áß··¯°¡ ¼­¹æ °­´ë±¹µé°ú °æÀïÇÏ´Â ¶óÀ̹úÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾øÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î ÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°í Áß··¯ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµÀüÀÌ Áøº¸Àû¼º°ÝÀ» °®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â µ¥µµ µ¿ÀÇÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ·Ð ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹æ½ÄÀº ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ °­´ë±¹ Áø¿µ ¾î´À ÇÑÂÊ Æí¿¡ ¼­Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ¶æ»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç °­´ë±¹¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â Çõ¸íÀû ÆÐÀüÁÖÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÃëÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æµµ ´ã°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÕÀǸ¦ ±âº»À¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀüÁ¦ À§¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀû ºÐ¼® ¹× °ü·Ã °³³ä ¹üÁÖµé·Î ÇÑ °ÉÀ½ ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

ÀÌ Á¡¿¡¼­ À̶õ°ú Àεµ, ±×¸®½ºÀÇ Á¾º°Àû Ư¡À» Á¶»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù. À̶õÀÇ °æ¿ì, Áö¿ª ¿­°­ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº À̶õÀÌ À̶óÅ©, ½Ã¸®¾Æ, ·¹¹Ù³í¿¡¼­ Çà»çÇÏ´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ¸·Î º¼ ¶§ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ÀεµÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¿ª³» Á¤Ä¡¿¡¼­, ³ª¾Æ°¡ ±Û·Î¹ú Á¤Ä¡¿¡¼­µµ ÀÏ ¿äÀÎÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í ¤Ñ Àû¾îµµ ³²¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô ±¹°¡µé°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¼ø Àα¸ ±Ô¸ð¸¸ °¡Áö°í º¸´õ¶óµµ ¤Ñ Àº ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½º ÀÚº»ÀÌ ¹ßÄ­ ¹ÝµµÀÇ °¡³­ÇÑ ³ª¶óµé¿¡ »ó´çÈ÷ ħÅõÇØ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¾Æ ¿Ô´Ù. ¾Æ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ª¶óµé¿¡¼­ ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ±Ù°Å¸¦ º»´Ù.[12]

 

¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌµé ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ·ÐÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌ ³ª¶óµéÀÇ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀûƯ¡À» °ú´ëÆò°¡ÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí ±× »Ñ¸®±íÀÌ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁöÀûÀÎ ÁöÀ§´Â °ú¼ÒÆò°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â Ãß°¡ °ËÅä°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

 

º¯Áõ¹ýÀû ¹üÁÖÀÇ ¸î °¡Áö ¿ä°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©

 

ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¸íÈ®¼ºÀº öÇÐÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû ¹®Á¦µé¿¡¼­»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾ÆÁÖ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤Ä¡¿¡¼­µµ ¸¼½º ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ÀüÁ¦Á¶°ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀû ¹üÁÖ´Â ÁÖ¾îÁø Çö»óÀ» ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ°í ÀáÀçÀû È¥¶õÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

 

À¯¹°·ÐÀû º¯Áõ¹ýÀÇ °ßÁö¿¡¼­ º¼ ¶§, ¹üÁÖÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº 1920³â´ë ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ (½ºÅ»¸°ÀÇ ¼÷û ÀÌÀüÀÇ) ¼±µµÀû ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ ¾Æºê¶÷ µ¥º¸¸° (Abram Deborin)ÀÌ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Á¤½ÄÈ­ÇßµíÀÌ, “Çö½Ç »ç¹°ÀÇ ¹Ý¿µ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù.[13] ÀÌ°ÍÀº »ç¹°À» Á¤ÅÂÀûÀÌ°í »óÈ£ °í¸³µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »óÈ£°ü°è ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀÇ °á°ú·Î ¿îµ¿ÇÏ´Â, ¹ßÀüÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿¨°Ö½º°¡ <<¹Ýµà¸µ·Ð>>¿¡¼­ ¾´ ³»¿ëÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. “¹Ý¸é, º¯Áõ¹ýÀº »ç¹°°ú ±×°ÍÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÎ À̳äÀ» ±×°ÍµéÀÇ º»ÁúÀûÀÎ ¿¬°ü°ú ¿¬¼Ó¼º, ¿îµ¿, ±â¿ø, °á¸» ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ À§¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¹Ù¿Í °°Àº °úÁ¤µéÀº ±× ÇϳªÇϳª°¡ ¸ðµÎ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀýÂ÷¹æ¹ýÀ» È®ÁõÇØÁÖ´Â Áõ°ÅµéÀÌ´Ù.”[14]

 

´õ¿íÀÌ ¹üÁÖ´Â »ç¹°ÀÇ º»ÁúÀ» ±× Ư¼ö¼ºÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ¾ÐÃà Ç¥ÇöÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Áï, ÁÖ¾îÁø Çö»óÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¼º°Ý»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Á¾º°Àû Ư¡µéµµ ÇÔ²² ½Äº°ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. (µ¥º¸¸°ÀÌ ¸»ÇßµíÀÌ, "±¸Ã¼Àû ÃÑü, º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ °Í°ú Ư¼öÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÇ ÅëÀÏ") [15]

 

±×·¯ÇÑ Á¾º°Àû Ư¡µé¿¡´Â ¸ð¼øÀû ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî¾ß Çϴµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯µé (Çì°ÖÀÌ ½èµíÀÌ, “¸ð¼øÀÇ »çÀ¯´Â °³³äÀÇ º»ÁúÀû °è±â´Ù”[16]) ¶§¹®¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÁÖ¾îÁø Çö»óÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀû º»Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹Ý¿µ¸¸ÀÌ Çõ¸í°¡µéÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø Çö»óÀÇ Æ¯¼ö¼º°ú ±× ¹ßÀü °úÁ¤À» ÆľÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µ½±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. (·¹´ÑÀÌ °­Á¶ÇßµíÀÌ, ¹ßÀüÀº ´ë¸³¹°ÀÇ ÅëÀÏ°ú ÅõÀïÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÑ´Ù.[17])

 

¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â °³³äÀÇ ¿ä°Çµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °£´ÜÇÑ °³¿ä¸¸À¸·Îµµ ¿ì¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀǹüÁÖ°¡ Áø¸®ÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ¹æÇØÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ±¹°¡µéÀÌ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ °­´ë±¹µéº¸´Ù ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¾àÇϸç Á¾¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù. Áß±¹··¯½Ã¾Æ·Î (±×¸®°í Áß··¯¿Í ±âÁ¸ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿­°­°úÀÇ °ü°è·Î) °¡¸é ÀÌ°ÍÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î Ʋ¸° ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â, ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â ³ª¶óµéÀÌ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ï¾Ð ¹Þ°í ÃÊ°úÂøÃë ´çÇѴٱ⠺¸´Ù´Â ÀÏÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµéÀÇ ¾ï¾ÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ ÂøÃëÀÚÀÎ °Íó·³ ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½º, ÅÍÅ°, Àεµ, ºê¶óÁú °°Àº ³ª¶óµéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±Û·Î¹ú °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ À̾߱âÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿ÀµµÇÏ´Â ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù.

 

 

»õ·Î¿î ¹üÁÖÀÇ Á¦¾È

 

RCIT´Â Ç×»ó Á¤Ä¡Àû·°æÁ¦Àû ¹ßÀüÀÇ º¯Áõ¹ýÀûÀÌ°í ¸ð¼øÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í °­Á¶ÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ±× ÈĹßÀÚ ÁöÀ§ ¶§¹®¿¡ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¼­¹æ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿­°­º¸´Ù µÚÃÄÁ® ÀÖ´ø »õ·Î ºÎ»óÇÏ´Â Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿­°­ (Áß±¹°ú ·¯½Ã¾Æ °°Àº)°ú ±âÁ¸ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿­°­À» ¿ì¸®°¡ ±¸ºÐÇÒ ¶§ ƯÈ÷ ±× Á¡À» °­Á¶Çß´Ù.[18] ¿ì¸®´Â ¶Ç "ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ¾Æ¸£ÇîƼ³ª, ºê¶óÁú, ÀÌÁýÆ®, ÅÍÅ°, À̶õ, ű¹°ú °°Àº ¾Õ¼­°¡´Â(advanced) ¶Ç´Â »ê¾÷È­µÈ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö¿Í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î º¼¸®ºñ¾Æ, Æä·ç, »çÇ϶ó À̳² ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ³ª¶óµé (³²¾Æ°ø Á¦¿Ü), ÆÄÅ°½ºÅº, ¾ÆÇÁ°¡´Ï½ºÅº, Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ¿Í °°Àº º¸´Ù °¡³­ÇÑ ¶Ç´Â ¹Ý(Úâ)»ê¾÷È­µÈ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö"¸¦ ±¸ºÐÇß´Ù.[19]

 

¿ì¸®´Â Àεµ¿Í À̶õÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀû ¼º°ÝÀ» Ãë±ÞÇϸ鼭 ±× ³ª¶óµéÀ» ºñÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ Áö¿ª ¿­°­ ¶Ç´Â ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö Áö¿ª ¿­°­À¸·Î ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤ Çß´Ù.[20]

 

¿ì¸®´Â Ç×»ó ±¹°¡µéÀÇ Æ¯¼öÇÑ, ¸ð¼øÀû ¼º°ÝÀ» º¯Áõ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ½Äº°ÇÏ°í °³³äÈ­ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇØ ¿Ô´Ù.[21] ¾Õ¼­°¡´Â ¶Ç´Â »ê¾÷È­µÈ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö¶ó´Â ¹üÁÖ´Â ±×¸®½º³ª À̶õ°ú °°Àº ³ª¶óÀÇ »ó´ëÀûÀÎ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ¹ßÀü Á¤µµ¸¦ ½Äº°ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¹üÁÖ¶ó°í »ý°¢µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ¹üÁÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ª¶óµéÀÇ Áö¿ªÀû · ±¹Á¦Àû ¿¬°ü¼ºÀ» Ãë±ÞÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÃæºÐÄ¡ ¾Ê´Ù. ºñÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ Áö¿ª ¿­°­ ¶Ç´Â ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö Áö¿ª ¿­°­ ¹üÁÖ°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀû¿¡ ´õ À¯¿ëÇϸç, ¿ì¸®´Â ±× ¹üÁÖ°¡ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °÷¿¡¼­´Â ±×°ÍÀ» °è¼Ó »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

±×·¯³ª Àεµ³ª À̶õ°ú °°Àº ƯÁ¤ ±¹°¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ÁßÀ§±Ç ¿­°­À̶ó´Â ¹üÁÖ¸¦ Ãß°¡·Î µµÀÔÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³³äÀº ÀÌµé ±¹°¡°¡ ±Û·Î¹ú Á¤Ä¡¿¡ Çà»çÇÏ´Â ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ Áö¿ªÀû Á߿伺»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¹Á¦Àû Á߿伺µµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À» Áö½ÃÇØÁØ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ø·áÀÚ¿ø (À̶õÀÇ °æ¿ì ¼®À¯¿Í °¡½º), Àα¸ ±Ô¸ð (Àεµ), Áö¸®Àû ÀÔÁö (À̶õÀº È£¸£¹«Áî ÇØÇùÀ» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àεµ´Â ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ-ÅÂÆò¾ç Áö¿ªÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ°í Àִµ¥, ¾ÆÅ Áö¿ªÀº ¼¼°è°æÁ¦ÀÇ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.) µîÀÌ Æ÷Ç﵃ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

¿ì¸®°¡ º¼ ¶§ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ÁßÀ§±Ç ¿­°­ °³³äÀº ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¹«±â°í¿¡ À¯¿ëÇÑ º¸ÅÆÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× °³³äÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ±ÔÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °è±ÞÀû ¼º°Ý (Áï ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡)À» º¯Áõ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î ÆľÇÇÏ´Â ¤Ñ ¿îµ¿ÇÏ´Â ¹üÁÖ”[22]·Î¼­ ¤Ñ µ¿½Ã¿¡, ±× ±¹°¡µéÀÌ Áö¿ª ¹× ¼¼°è Á¤Ä¡¿¡¼­ ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â »ó´ëÀû °­Á¡À» ½Äº°ÇÑ´Ù.

 

À̶õÀÇ »ç·Ê´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ³ª¶óµéÀ» ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö·Î °è¼ÓÇؼ­ ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª Áß¿äÇÑÁö¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ÀÌ ³ª¶ó´Â ¼®À¯¿Í °¡½º ¼öÃâ¿¡ Å©°Ô ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °æÁ¦Àû ¾Ð·ÂÀ» ½±°Ô ¹Þ´Â´Ù.

 

ÀεµÀÇ °æ¿ì ±× ºñÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀû ¼º°ÝÀº Àεµ ÀÚº»ÀÌ ³²¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀÎÁ¢±¹µé¿¡¼­ ¿Ü±¹ÀÎ ÅõÀÚÀڷμ­ÀÇ ¾î¶°ÇÑ À¯ÀǹÌÇÑ ¿ªÇÒµµ ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç·Î ±Ø¸íÇÏ°Ô µå·¯³­´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÆÄÅ°½ºÅº (¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î Àεµ¿Í Àû´ëÀûÀÎ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÖ´Â)¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.[23]. ÀÌ¿ô ¹æ±Û¶óµ¥½Ã¿Í ½º¸®¶ûÄ«¿¡¼­µµ Àεµ ÀÚº»Àº Àüü ¿Ü±¹ÀÎ ÅõÀÚÀÇ 1%¿Í 4%¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù.[24]

 

±×¸®½º´Â ´Ù¸¥ °æ¿ì´Ù. µ¿ ÁöÁßÇØ Áö¿ª Á¤Ä¡¿¡¼­´Â À¯ÀǹÌÇÑ ÀÏ ¿äÀÎÀÌÁö¸¸, ¼¼°è Á¤Ä¡¿¡¼­ ±× Á߿伺Àº À̶õÀ̳ª Àεµº¸´Ù È®½ÇÈ÷ ÀÛ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é ±×¸®½º ÀÚº»Àº ¸î¸î ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ¹ßÄ­ ³ª¶óµé¿¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ħÅõÇÏ¿© ÀÌµé ³ª¶ó °æÁ¦¿¡¼­ »ó´çÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» Á¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ÁßÀ§±Ç ¿­°­ ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ¾î¶² ³í°Å°¡ Á¦ÃâµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î? “ÁßÀ§±Ç ¿­°­À̶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¼ø ¼­¼úÀûÀ̶ó°í ºñÆÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ºñÆÇÀÌ ºÎÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϴµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ºÐ¸íÇÏ°í Á¤È®ÇÑ °è±ÞÀû ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤ÀÎ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö°³³äÀ» µ¡ºÙ¿© ³õ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ¼­¼úÀÌ ¹«Á¶°Ç À߸øµÈ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ·¹´Ñ°ú Æ®·ÎÃ÷Å°°¡ »ç¿ëÇÑ ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ, Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇ ¹üÁÖ, Áï Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ °­´ë±¹µµ ¹Ù·Î ±× µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Á¶ÇÕ, Áï Á¦±¹ÁÖÀǶó´Â °è±ÞÀû ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤°ú ÇÔ²² ¼­¼ú¾î °­´ë±¹À» ÇÔ²² ´ã¾Æ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

¶ÇÇÑ ÇÑ ±¹°¡¸¦ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Ð ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö (semi-colony)¶ó°í, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Ð ¿­°­ (power)À̶ó°í ¼º°Ý±ÔÁ¤ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚ±â¸ð¼øÀ̶ó°í ºñÆÇÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ±×·± ºñÆÇ ¶ÇÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁöÁ¶Â÷ ħ·«ÀÚ·Î ³ª¼­¼­ Ÿ ¹ÎÁ·À» ¾ï¾ÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù (¶Ç´Â ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù)´Â °ÍÀ» Ç×»ó ÀÎÁöÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸¹Àº ¿¹µé Áß ¸î °¡Áö¸¸ µé¾îº¸ÀÚ. ¸¶Äɵµ´Ï¾ÆÀΰú ÅÍÅ°Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ÀÎÁ¾Ã»¼Ò Á¤Ã¥, ÅÍÅ°ÀÇ Äí¸£µåÁ· ¾ï¾Ð Á¤Ã¥, 1991³â±îÁö ¿¡Æ¼¿ÀÇÇ¾Æ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¿¡¸®Æ®·¹¾Æ ¾ï¾Ð, »ç¿ìµð¾Æ¶óºñ¾Æ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼Ò¼ö ½Ã¾ÆÆÄ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ¾ï¾Ð, À̶õ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ· ¼Ò¼öÀÚ ¾ï¾Ð, ¿©·¯ ¶óƾ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ³ª¶ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÅäÂø¹Î ¾ï¾Ð, ºÏ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¾Æ¸¶ÁöÁ· (º£¸£º£¸£ÀÎ) ¾ï¾Ð, ¼Ò¸»¸®¾Æ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹ÝÅõÁ· Â÷º° µîµî.

 

Æ®·ÎÃ÷Å°°¡ °­Á¶ÇßµíÀÌ, “½Ä¹ÎÁö · ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶óµéÀÇ ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â ÁØ Áö¹è°è±Þ, ÁØ ¾ï¾Ð°è±ÞÀÌ´Ù."[25] µû¶ó¼­ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â Ç×»ó ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀ±À» ´Ã¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ÈûÀ» °­È­ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÊÈ÷ ¿©±â¿¡´Â Ÿ ¹ÎÁ·À» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ·Á´Â ½Ãµµ°¡ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿­°­°úÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö°¡ Ÿ ¹ÎÁ·À» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ±æ ¹Ù¶óÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» ½ÇÇàÇϱâ À§ÇØ Áö´Ñ ¼ö´Ü°ú ÈûÀÌ ÈξÀ Àû´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù.

 

¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ±¹°¡¿¡¼­ ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¹ÎÁ·Àû · Á¾±³Àû ¼Ò¼öÀÚ¸¦ Ç×»ó ¹æ¾îÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹Ý(Úã)¹è¿ÜÁÖÀÇÀû Á¢±Ù¹ý¿¡ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ±âÃʸ¦ °ø±ÞÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ°°Àº ¹üÁÖ¸¦ ¹ß¸íÇس¾ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾ø´Ù. ‘¹ÎÁ·Çع濡 ´ëÇÑ ÁöÁö¿Í ¹Ýµ¿Àû ¹è¿ÜÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý´ë’, À̰͸¸À¸·Îµµ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ ±¹Á¦ÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ ½ÇÇàÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âÃÊ·Î ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.

 

¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµé ¼Ó¿¡¼­ Á¦±âµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö À¯Ãß¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ ª°Ô ´Ù·ç¾îº¸ÀÚ. ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡ ¹üÁÖ´Â ±¹Á¦Á¤Ä¡ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö ¹üÁÖ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ»±î? Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖµíÀÌ, ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çȸÀÇ ¾ç´ë °è±Þ ¤Ñ ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö¿Í ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾ÆÆ® ¤Ñ ¿Ü¿¡ Á¦3ÀÇ °è±ÞÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼°èÀÇ ±¹Á¦°ü°è ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Á¦3 À¯ÇüÀÇ ±¹°¡°¡ ¶ÇÇÑ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù ¤Ñ Áï Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡¿Í ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ±¹°¡ ¿Ü¿¡ ¤Ñ ´Â ÀüÁ¦ À§¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡µµ Àû¹ýÇÑ °³³äÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ»±î?

 

¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À¯Ãß°¡ À¯¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϴµ¥, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌµé µÎ Çö»ó ¤Ñ ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö¿Í ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀDZ¹°¡ ¤Ñ Àº ¼­·Î ºñ±³µÉ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ù°, ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ÀüÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çȸ±¸¼ºÃ¼¿Í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ Çü¼º±â¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔÇÑ °è±ÞÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é, À̸¥¹Ù ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡´Â, ±× À̷а¡µé¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö¿Í´Â Á¤¹Ý´ëÀε¥, Áï ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡´Â ±â»ýÀûÀÎ, ºÎÆÐ ¼èÅðÇÏ´Â, ³Ê¹« ÀÍ¾î ¹®µå·¯Á®°¡´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ (parasitic, decaying, and overripe capitalism) ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î Çö»óÀÌ´Ù.

 

µÑ°, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿Í °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©, ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â ±Ô¸ð¿Í Á߿伺¿¡¼­ ±â¿ï¾î°¡´Â (´ç¿¬È÷ ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸ð¼ø ¾ø´Â Á÷¼±Àû °úÁ¤ÀÌ ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸), ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ³²Àº °è±ÞÀÌ´Ù. ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀû »ý»êÀÇ Æ´»õ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ °è¼Ó ±â´ÉÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀDZ¹°¡´Â, ±× À̷а¡µé¿¡ µû¸£¸é Á¤¹Ý´ëÀε¥, ±×°ÍÀº »¸¾î°¡°í Á߿伺ÀÌ Ä¿Á®°¡´Â »õ·Î¿î Çö»óÀ¸·Î¼­ ¼¼°èÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦¿¡¼­ ´õ¿í ´õ ´Éµ¿ÀûÀÌ°í Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇØ°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù.

 

¼Â°, ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ´Â »ý»ê¼ö´ÜÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ °è±Þ (Áï ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±Ù·Î°è±Þ ÂøÃëÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ ÇüÅ [ƯÁ¤ ÂøÃëÇüÅÂ]¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ °æÁ¦Ã¼Á¦´Ù. ¸¼½º´Â ÀÌ Á¡À» ¼ö¾øÀÌ °­Á¶Çß´Ù. “´Ù¾çÇÑ °æÁ¦Àû »çȸ ÇüÅÂµé °£ÀÇ, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ³ë¿¹³ëµ¿¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ »çȸ¿Í Àӱݳ뵿¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ »çȸ °£ÀÇ º»ÁúÀû Â÷ÀÌ´Â ´Ù¸§ ¾Æ´Ñ, ÀÌ À׿©³ëµ¿ÀÌ °¢°¢ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ Á÷Á¢ »ý»êÀÚ, ±Ù·ÎÀڷκÎÅÍ ÂøÃâµÇ´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.”[26]

 

°íÀüÀûÀÎ ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â °í¿ëÇÑ Àӱݳ뵿ÀÚ°¡ ÀüÇô ¶Ç´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Â, »ý»ê¼ö´Ü ¼Ò¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ °è±ÞÀÌ´Ù. ÀÏÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °è±Þ (Áï ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾ÆÆ®)ÀÇ ³ëµ¿·Â ÂøÃë·Î »ýÈ°ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, “ÀÚ±â ÂøÃë·Î »ýÈ°ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö¸¦ ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸º°ÇØÁÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù.

 

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀDZ¹°¡¿ÍÀÇ À¯Ãß·Î »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿©±â¼­ ´Ù½Ã ÇÑ ¹ø º»´Ù. ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ °³³ä ¿ËÈ£Àڵ鿡 µû¸£¸é, “¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀDZ¹°¡¸¦ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ±¹°¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸º°ÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ù¸§ ¾Æ´Ñ Ÿ±¹À» ÂøÃëÇÏ´Â ´É·Â, Áï ÀÌµé ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶óµé·ÎºÎÅÍ À׿©°¡Ä¡¸¦ ÂøÃâÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀÌ´Ù.[27]

 

"ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸Æ¶ô¿¡¼­, Ãʱâ Çü¼º±â¿¡ ºê¸¯½º(BRICS) ºí·Ï¿¡¼­ ¸ñ°ÝµÈ ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿¤¸®Æ® ±¹µéÀÇ ³×Æ®¿öÅ·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¹èÈÄÁö ³»¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÃÊ°úÂøÃë °üÇàÀ» º¸´Ù ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î È®ÀÎÇØÁÖ´Â ÀÇÁ¦´Ù. 1884-85³â º£¸¦¸°¿¡¼­ ºñ½º¸¶¸£Å©°¡ ÁÖÃÖÇÑ È¸´ã¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÐÇÒ ÇÕÀÇ°¡ ÁַΠä±¼ ±â¾÷ ¤Ñ ¿µ±¹, ÇÁ¶û½º, ​​Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥, º§±â¿¡, µ¶ÀÏ°ú °ü·ÃµÈ 䱤¾÷ü¿Í Ç÷£Å×À̼Ç, °Ç¼³È¸»ç ¤Ñ ¿¡ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ±× ´ë·ú¿¡ ºñÇÕ¸®Àû °æ°è¼±À» ±×¾ú´ø °Íó·³, ºê¸¯½ºµµ ½Ä¹ÎÁöÁÖÀÇ·½Å½Ä¹ÎÁöÁÖÀÇ ³ë¼±À» ¹â´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÐÇÒ°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ À̹ÌÁö·Î Ç׸¸, ±³·®, µµ·Î, öµµ, ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü ¹× ±âŸ ÀÎÇÁ¶ó ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÑ BRICS 2013³â ´õ¹Ý Á¤»óȸ´ãÀº ´ë·úÀÇ °æÁ¦Àû ºÐÇÒÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î Çß´Ù. ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¿Í Àαǿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼­¹æÀÇ ¿ì·Á µûÀ§¿¡´Â ºÎ´ãÀ» ´À³¢Áö ¾ÊÀº ä ¤Ñ ±×¶§Ã³·³ Áö±Ýµµ ¤Ñ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù."[28]

 

¿äÄÁ´ë, ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀDZ¹°¡¸¦ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ±¹Á¦°ü°è ¹«´ë¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼ÒºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö °°Àº °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Æ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¿À·ù¶ó°í º»´Ù.

 

¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ º¯Áõ¹ýÀû Á¢±Ù¹æ½ÄÀ» °á¿©ÇÑ Ã¤ ¾Þ±Û·Î»ö½¼ ½Ä ¾û±Ý¾û±Ý °æÇèÁÖÀÇ” (µ¥º¸¸°)ÀÇ °áÇÔÀ» °í¼öÇÏ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ±× º¸´Ù´Â ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ÁßÀ§±Ç ¿­°­À̶ó´Â º¯Áõ¹ýÀû °³³äÀ» ±ÇÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °áÇÔÀ» ¸éÇØÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Àü¼ú¿¡ ¾î¶² °á°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿À³ª?

 

Çõ¸íÀû Àü¼ú, °è±ÞÅõÀï Àü¼ú ºÐ¾ß¿¡ ¹ÌÄ¡´Â °á°ú°¡ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ °£·«È÷ ³íÀÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ±ÛÀ» ¸¶¹«¸®ÇÏÀÚ.

 

¿ì¸®°¡ ¿©·¯ ¹ø ¾ð±ÞÇßµíÀÌ, ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿­°­°ú ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶ó °£ÀÇ Ãæµ¹·ºÐÀï¿¡¼­ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶ó Æí¿¡ ¼­¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿øÄ¢¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÀüÀï (¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â À̶õÀÇ ÀüÀï)¿¡¼­ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇÏ´Â °Í, ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶ó¸¦ °Ü³ÉÇÑ Á¦Àç Á¶Ä¡¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ½Î¿ì´Â °Í, Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶ó¸¦ ±³»ìÇÏ·Á´Â ½Ãµµ (¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ±×¸®½º¸¦ °Ü³ÉÇÑ EU °¢¼­)¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â ±¸Ã¼Àû ¿ä±¸µéÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â °Í µîÀ» ¶æÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

 

¹°·Ð, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¶ÇÇÑ ¹àÇûµíÀÌ, ±×·¯ÇÑ ºÐÀïÀÌ ÇØ´ç ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶ó°¡ °´°üÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ °­´ë±¹ÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀÎ (proxy)À¸·Î ÇൿÇÏ´Â ´ë¸®Àü ¼º°ÝÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 2017³â ¿©¸§ È÷¸»¶ó¾ß¿¡¼­ Àεµ¿Í Áß±¹ °£ ´ëÄ¡ »óȲ ¶§°¡ ÀÌ·± °æ¿ì¿´´Ù. ÀÌ »óȲ¿¡¼­ Àεµ´Â Áß±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´ë¸®ÀÎÀ¸·Î ±â´ÉÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ì¿¡ Çõ¸í°¡µéÀº ´ë¸®ÀÎ ±¹°¡¿¡ ¤Ñ Àεµ°¡ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ±¹°¡Áö¸¸ ¤Ñ ÁöÁö¸¦ º¸³¾ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¾ç Áø¿µ ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­ ÆÐÀüÁÖÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÃëÇؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.[29]

 

±×·¯ÇÑ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ÁßÀ§±Ç ¿­°­ÀÌ º¸´Ù ¾àÇÑ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶ó³ª ÇǾï¾Ð ¹ÎÁ·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ï¾ÐÀÚ·Î ÇൿÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ Çõ¸í°¡µéÀº ÈÄÀÚ¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Íµµ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. RCIT´Â À̶õ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ½Ã¸®¾Æ ÀιÎÀ», ¶Ç ±×¸®½º¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¸¶Äɵµ´Ï¾Æ¸¦ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¹æ¾îÇØ ¿Ô´Ù.[30]

 

¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Àü¼úÀ» ±¸»çÇÏ·Á¸é ±×·¯ÇÑ ºÐÀï¿¡¼­ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ºÐ¼®À» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. Çõ¸í°¡µéÀº °¢°¢ÀÇ ºÐÀïÀ» ±×°ÍÀÇ ±¸Ã¼Àû ÃÑü ¼Ó¿¡¼­, ±×°ÍÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ (±×¸®°í ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥) ¿äÀÎµé ¹× ±×°ÍµéÀÇ »óÈ£°ü°è ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ºÐ¼®ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Àü¼úÀû °á·ÐÀ» ±¸Ã¼È­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÈ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ù¸¥ µ¥¼­ ¸»ÇßµíÀÌ, “¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÐÀï ¶Ç´Â ÀüÀïÀº ±×°ÍÀÇ ¸ðµç Ãø¸éµé¿¡¼­ ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀû, ±Ùº»Àû Ư¡»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×°ÍÀÇ ÀÌÂ÷Àû, Á¾º°Àû Ư¡µéÀ» Áö´Ñ ¸ðµç Ãø¸éµé¿¡¼­ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀº ·¹´ÑÀÇ º¯Áõ¹ýÀû ¹æ¹ýÀ» µû¶ó, ‘Çö»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ º»Áú·Î, ±×¸®°í ´ú ½É¿ÀÇÑ º»Áú·ÎºÎÅÍ ´õ ½É¿ÀÇÑ º»Áú·Î³ª¾Æ°¡¸é¼­ »ç¹° ¶Ç´Â °úÁ¤À» ¿¬±¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.”[31]

 

¿ä¾àÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ÁßÀ§±Ç ¿­°­À̶ó´Â ¹üÁÖ°¡ ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ À̶õ°ú Àεµ °°Àº ±¹°¡µéÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀû ¼º°ÝÀ» ´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í °è±ÞÅõÀï¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ Àü¼úÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.

 

 

------------------------------------------------

 

[1] V. I. Lenin: What Is To Be Done? (1902), in: LCW Vol. 5, p. 370

[2] ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. “chapter IV. The Marxist Criteria for an Imperialist Great Power” in Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Vienna 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/.

[3] ½ÅÈï Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿­°­À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Áß±¹··¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ RCITÀÇ ºÐ¼®À¸·Î´Â, ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¿ì¸® À¥»çÀÌÆ® »ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â º°µµÀÇ ÇÏÀ§ ¸Þ´º¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹®ÇåµéÀ» º¸¶ó. https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/. ƯÈ÷, ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. ¶Ç ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: China‘s transformation into an imperialist power. A study of the economic, political and military aspects of China as a Great Power, in: Revolutionary Communism No. 4, http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/revcom-number-4; Michael Pröbsting: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/; Michael Pröbsting: Russia as a Great Imperialist Power. The formation of Russian Monopoly Capital and its Empire A Reply to our Critics, March 2014, Special Issue of Revolutionary Communism No. 21 (March 2014), https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialist-russia/.

 

[4] Àεµ¿¡ °üÇؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: The China-India Conflict: Its Causes and Consequences. What are the background and the nature of the tensions between China and India in the Sikkim border region? What should be the tactical conclusions for Socialists and Activists of the Liberation Movements? August 2017, Revolutionary Communism No. 71, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-india-rivalry/ (chapter V); À̶õ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. RCIT: Iran: Down with Trump’s Sanctions and Military Threats! But no political support for the reactionary Mullah Regime in Teheran! 11 May 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/down-with-trump-s-sanctions-and-military-threats-against-iran/; ±×¸®½º¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: Greece: A Modern Semi-Colony. The Contradictory Development of Greek Capitalism, Its Failed Attempts to Become a Minor Imperialist Power, and Its Present Situation as an Advanced Semi-Colonial Country with Some Specific Features, RCIT Books, Vienna 2015, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/greece-semi-colony/; ¾Õ¼­°¡´Â ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö·Î¼­ÀÇ ÅÍÅ°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ RCITÀÇ ºÐ¼®À¸·Î´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: World Perspectives 2018: A World Pregnant with Wars and Popular Uprisings. Theses on the World Situation, the Perspectives for Class Struggle and the Tasks of Revolutionaries (Chapter V), RCIT Books, Vienna 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2018/; Michael Pröbsting: The Great Robbery of the South. Continuity and Changes in the Super-Exploitation of the Semi-Colonial World by Monopoly Capital. Consequences for the Marxist Theory of Imperialism, RCIT Books, Vienna 2013, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/great-robbery-of-the-south/ (chapter 9); ºê¶óÁú¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry (pp. 151-152).

 

[5] Ruy Mauro Marini: Brazilian "Interdependence" and Imperialist Integration, in: Monthly Review Vol. 17, No. 7 (December 1965), p. 12. ¶Ç ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Ruy Mauro Marini: Brazilian Sub-Imperialism, in: Monthly Review Vol. 23, No. 9 (February 1972)

 

[6] Mathias Luce: Sub-imperialism, the highest stage of dependent capitalism, in: Patrick Bond and Ana Garcia (Ed.): BRICS. An Anti-Capitalist Critique, Pluto Press, London 2015, p. 39. Luce´Â ÀÌ ±Û ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. “¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î »ó½ÂÇÏ´Â »çȸ°æÁ¦ ±¸¼ºÃ¼µéÀº ÀÚº» Àç»ý»ê ÆÐÅÏ¿¡ °íÀ¯ÇÑ ÇüÅÂµé ¹× Áö¹èÀû Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ¿ÍÀÇ Àû´ëÀû Çù·Â Á¤Ã¥À» ÅëÇØ È®´ë Àç»ý»êÀ» ´ãº¸ÇÏ°í Á¾¼ÓÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¿ÏÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Á¾¼ÓÀû ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Á¶°Ç ÀÚü¸¦ Å»°¢ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡·Î¼­ÀÇ »ó´ëÀû ÀÚÀ²¼ºÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×·¯³ª Á¾¼ÓÀÇ Æ²À» ¹®Á¦ »ïÁö´Â ¾Ê°í¼­ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.”(29ÂÊ)

 

¸¶¸®´ÏÀÇ °³³äÀÇ ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ÁöÁöÀÚÀÎ Adrián Sotelo Valencia´Â ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ Ã¥¿¡¼­ °°Àº Á¤½ÅÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. “¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀǸ¦ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸¶¸®´Ï´Â Àû´ëÀû Çù·ÂÀ̶ó´Â °³³äÀ» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ë¾î´Â Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ³ª¶ó (¹Ì±¹)¿Í ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ³ª¶ó (ºê¶óÁú) °£ÀÇ °ü°è, Áï °­·ÂÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·Àû ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁöµé °£¿¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ °¥µîÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ °ü°èÀÇ ÆÄźÀ̳ª °ø°ø¿¬ÇÑ ´ë°á·Î À̾îÁöÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ °ü°è¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÑ´Ù. ´ë½Å, ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö °£ÀÇ Çùµ¿°ú ÇùÁ¶´Â ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö¿Í ¹Ì±¹À» ºñ·ÔÇÑ ±× ¹ÛÀÇ Áö¹èÀû ±Ç·Â Á߽ɺο¡ ÀÖ´Â ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö °£ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡¼­ ¿¹¿ÜÀ̱⺸´Ù´Â Åë·Ê·Î ÆǸíµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.” (Adrián Sotelo Valencia: Sub-Imperialism Revisited. Dependency Theory in the Thought of Ruy Mauro Marini, Brill, Leiden, Boston 2017, pp. 76-77). ¶Ç ´ÙÀ½ ±¸Àýµµ º¸¶ó. “Àû´ëÀû Çù·ÂÀº ÇÑ ³ª¶ó°¡ ¾î´À ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼­ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ Á߽ɺο¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¸Á¶Àû Á¾¼Ó °ü°è¸¦ Á¾½Ä½ÃÅ°°Å³ª ±Øº¹ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÏÁø ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¶¸®´Ï°¡ ÁöÀûÇÑ °Íó·³, ‘³»ºÎÀûÀ¸·Î °üÇàÈ­µÈ Àû´ëÀû Çù·ÂÀ» ±Û·Î¹ú ±Ô¸ð·Î Àç»ý»êÇÏ´Â ÀÌµé ±¹°¡´Â ±×µéÀÇ Çì°Ô¸ð´Ï Á߽ɺΠ¤Ñ ¹Ì±¹ ¤Ñ ¿¡ ±ØÈ÷ Á¾¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î µÇ¸é¼­µµ, ±×µéÀÌ ¸ôµÎÇØ ÀÖ´Â ÀçÆí °úÁ¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´õ Å« º¸»óÀ» °ÅµÎ·Á°í Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ±× Çì°Ô¸ð´Ï Áß½ÉºÎ¿Í Ãæµ¹ÇÑ´Ù.’” (80ÂÊ)

[7] ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Alex Callinicos: Marxism and Imperialism today, in: A. Callinicos, J. Rees, C Harman & M. Haynes: Marxism and the New Imperialism, Bookmarks, London 1994, p. 45

[8] ÀÌ ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸® ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ¸·Î´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Workers Power (Britain): Arguments on the Malvinas (1982), https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/arguments-on-the-malvinas-1982/. ¶Ç ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: The Great Robbery of the South. Continuity and Changes in the Super-Exploitation of the Semi-Colonial World by Monopoly Capital. Consequences for the Marxist Theory of Imperialism, RCIT Books, Vienna 2013, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/great-robbery-of-the-south/ (chapter 12 and 13).

[9] Alex Callinicos: Marxism and Imperialism today, pp. 50-51

[10] ´ç½ÃÀÇ À̶óÅ©¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̵é ÀüÀï¿¡ ´ëÇÑ RCITÀÇ ÀÔÀå°ú °ü·Ã ¹®ÇåÀ¸·Î´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: The Great Robbery of the South (chapter 12 and 13). For our approach to the current tensions in the Persian Gulf see e.g. RCIT: Strait of Hormuz: Escalating Tensions between the US/UK and Iran. Drive the Great Powers out of the Middle East! But no political support for the reactionary Mullah Regime in Teheran! 22 July 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/escalating-tensions-between-the-us-uk-and-iran/

 

[11] George Martin Fell Brown: No to War in the Middle East U.S. and Iran Plunge into Conflict, June 29, 2019 https://www.socialistalternative.org/2019/06/29/no-to-war-in-the-middle-east-u-s-and-iran-plunge-into-conflict/. ÀÌ ³í¼³Àº CWI È£ÁÖ ÁöºÎµµ ÇÔ²² ¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. https://thesocialist.org.au/us-iran-plunge-into-conflict/

[12] ·¹´ÑÀº ÇÑ ¶§ ÀÌ·Ð ÀÛ¾÷Àº ½Çõ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ Á¦±âÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» °ø±ÞÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Ù. (V.I.Lenin: What the “Friends of the People” are and how they fight the Social-Democrats. (A Reply to Articles in Russkoye Bogatstvo Opposing the Marxists)), in: LCW Vol. 1, pp. 297-298) ½Ç·Î, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀÌ Æ²·È´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÌ ¼¼°èÁ¤Ä¡ÀÇ ÃʹÌÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ºÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

[13] Abram Deborin: Lenin als revolutionärer Dialektiker (1925), in: Nikolai Bucharin/Abram Deborin: Kontroversen über dialektischen und mechanistischen Materialismus, Frankfurt a.M. 1974, p. 53 (¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹ø¿ª). Abram DeborinÀº 1920³â´ë ¼Ò·Ã¿¡¼­ º¯Áõ¹ýÀû À¯¹°·Ð ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ¸í¼®ÇÑ ¼±µµÀû Àι°À̾ú´Ù. ºÒÇàÈ÷µµ, ÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÇ ¼ö¸¹Àº ÀúÀÛÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾î·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ¶Ç µ¶ÀϾî·Îµµ »ó´ç·®ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸, 1920³â´ë ¾Þ±Û·Î»ö½¼ ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÇ Ãë¾àÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ±×ÀÇ ÀúÀÛ Áß ´ç½Ã¿¡ ¿µ¾î·Î ¹ø¿ªµÈ °ÍÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù½ÃÇÇ ÇÑ »óȲÀÌ ºú¾îÁ³´Ù. µ¥º¸¸°ÀÇ °ßÇظ¦ ¿µ¾î·Î ¿Å±ä ¸î¸î À¯¿ëÇÑ Àοë°ú ¿ä¾àÀÌ ´ÙÀ½ Ã¥µé¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. David Joravsky: Soviet Marxism and Natural Science 1917-1932, Routledge, New York 1961/2009; David Bakhurst: Consciousness and Revolution in Soviet philosophy: From the Bolsheviks to Evald Ilyenkov, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1991; Helena Sheehan: Marxism and the Philosophy of Science, Humanities Press International, New Jersey 1985.

[14] Friedrich Engels: Anti-Dühring. Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science, in: MECW Vol. 25, p. 23. ¿¨°Ö½º´Â ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ¶Ç Çϳª °íÀüÀû ÀúÀÛ¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½è´Ù. “À§´ëÇÑ ±âº» »ç»ó, Áï ¼¼°è´Â ±â¼ºÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºµÈ »ç¹°·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °úÁ¤ÀÇ ÃÑüÀ̸ç, ¿©±â¼­´Â ºÒº¯ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÌ´Â »ç¹°µµ, µÎ³ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±¸¼ºµÈ »ç¹°ÀÇ »çÀ¯Àû ¸ð¹æÀÎ °³³äµµ ´Ù °°ÀÌ ºÎ´ÜÈ÷ º¯È­Çϸ鼭 ȤÀº ¹ß»ýÇϸç ȤÀº ¼Ò¸êÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ¶Ç ÀüÁøÀû ¹ßÀüÀº ¸ðµç ¿Ü°ß»óÀÇ ¿ì¿¬¼º°ú ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ Å𺸿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í °á±¹ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±æÀ» °³Ã´ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í ¤Ñ ÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ ±âº» »ç»óÀº Çì°Ö ½Ã´ë ÀÌ·¡ ÀϹÝÀÇ ÀǽĿ¡ ±íÀÌ Ä§ÅõÇÏ¿© ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ À§¿¡¼­ ¸»ÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÇüÅ¿¡¼­´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ³í¹ÚÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.” (Friedrich Engels: Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (1886); in: MECW 26, p. 384) ¿¨°Ö½º´Â ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ ÅëÂûÀ» Çì°ÖÀÇ º¯Áõ¹ý ¼³¸í¿¡ ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ°í ²ø¾î³Â´Ù. Çì°ÖÀº <<³í¸®ÇÐ>>¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¹àÇû´Ù. “¿ì¸®°¡ ¹æ±Ý »ìÆ캻 ¹Ý¿µÀû °áÁ¤µéÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼º°Ý, Áï ¹Ý¿µÀû °áÁ¤µéÀÇ Áø¸®¼ºÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°Íµé »óÈ£°£ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í, µû¶ó¼­ °¢°¢ÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº ±×°ÍÀÇ °³³ä ÀÚü¿¡ ŸÀÚ¸¦ ´ã¾Æ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁöÇÏ°í ¿°µÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÃÖ´ë·Î Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÎ½Ä ¾øÀ̴ öÇп¡¼­ ´Ü ÇÑ ¹ß¦µµ Á¤¸» ³»µóÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.” (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Science of Logic, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd, New York 1969, p. 438)

[15] Abram Deborin: Materialistische Dialektik und Naturwissenschaft (1925), in: Unter dem Banner des Marxismus 1. Jahrgang 1925/26, Verlag für Literatur und Politik, Wien, p. 452 (¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹ø¿ª)

[16] ·¹´ÑÀº ±×ÀÇ <<öÇÐ ³ëÆ®>>¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ¹®±¸¸¦ °­Á¶Çß´Ù. (V.I. Lenin: Conspectus of Hegel’s Book the Science of Logic (1914); in: LCW 38, p. 227)

[17] “´ë¸³¹°ÀÇ ÅëÀÏ (ÀÏÄ¡, ÀÏü¼º, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀÛ¿ë)Àº Á¶°ÇÀû, ÀϽÃÀû, °úµµ±âÀû, »ó´ëÀûÀÌ´Ù. »óÈ£¹èÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ´ë¸³¹°ÀÇ ÅõÀïÀº ¹ßÀü°ú ¿îµ¿ÀÌ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ °Íó·³ Àý´ëÀûÀÌ´Ù. (...) ¹ßÀüÀº ´ë¸³¹°ÀÇ ÅõÀïÀÌ´Ù.” (V.I. Lenin: On the Question of Dialectics (1915); in: LCW 38, p.358)

[18] ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. chapter II in Michael Pröbsting: Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism and the Rise of Russia as a Great Power. On the Understanding and Misunderstanding of Today’s Inter-Imperialist Rivalry in the Light of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism, in: Revolutionary Communism No. 25, August 2014, http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/imperialism-theory-and-russia/

[19] Michael Pröbsting: The Great Robbery of the South, p. 228. ÀÌ Ã¥ 9ÀåÀÇ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ³íÀÇÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

[20] ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: The China-India Conflict: Its Causes and Consequences; RCIT: Iran: Down with Trump’s Sanctions and Military Threats! But no political support for the reactionary Mullah Regime in Teheran! 11 May 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/down-with-trump-s-sanctions-and-military-threats-against-iran/

[21] 1920³â´ë ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ µ¥º¸¸° ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ¶Ç Çϳª ¼±µµÀû À̷а¡ÀÎ ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ Ivan K. LuppolÀº ÇÑ ¶§ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½è´Ù. “[À¯¹°º¯Áõ¹ýÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÓ¹«´Â] ´Ù¾ç¼º ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÅëÀϼºÀ» ã´Â °Í»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÅëÀϼº ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀ» ã´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.” (Iwan K. Luppol: Lenin und die Philosophie. Zur Frage des Verhältnisses der Philosophie zur Revolution, Verlag für Literatur und. Politik, Wien 1929, p. 72; our translation). ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ Á¤Ä¡Àû·°æÁ¦Àû Çö»óµéÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀû º»ÁúÀ» ½Äº°Çس¾ ¹üÁÖµéÀ» Á¤¸³ÇÏ´Â µ¥¼­ ¸¼½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ Á÷¸éÇÏ´Â °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ µµÀü°úÁ¦´Ù!

[22] Iwan K. Luppol: Lenin und die Philosophie, p. 98 (¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹ø¿ª)

[23] ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ´ÙÀ½À» º¸¶ó. RCIT: India-Pakistan: Defeat the War Mongers! Free Kashmir! 27 February 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/india-pakistan-defeat-the-war-mongers-free-kashmir/; Michael Pröbsting: Kashmir: Social-Patriotism Among the Indian Left. On the opportunistic adaptation of various “Stalinists”, “Trotskyists” and “Maoists” to the chauvinistic wave in the wake of the latest conflict between India and Pakistan, 02 March 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/asia/kashmir-social-patriotism-among-indian-left/

[24] Sanjay Kathuria (Ed.): A Glass Half Full. The Promise of Regional Trade in South Asia, World Bank 2018, p. 57

[25] Leon Trotsky: Not a Workers’ and Not a Bourgeois State? (1937); in: Writings of Leon Trotsky, 1937-38, Pathfinder Press, p. 70

[26] Karl Marx: Capital, Volume One, in: MECW Vol. 35, pp. 226-227

[27] ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀ» °¡Áö°í¼­ ¾ÆÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀº ·¹´Ñ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀǷаúÀÇ °ü·Ã¼ºÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ, ·¹´ÑÀÇ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ·ÐÀÇ ÇÙ½É ¿ä¼Ò´Â ±×ÀÇ ÃÊ°úÂøÃë ¤Ñ Áï Æò±Õ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀÌÀ±À» »Ì¾Æ³»´Â ¤Ñ °³³äÀÌ´Ù. “µ¶Á¡Àº ÃÊ°úÀÌÀ±, Áï Àü ¼¼°è¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Åë»óÀûÀÌ°í °ü·ÊÀûÀÎ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀû ÀÌÀ±À» ³Ñ´Â À׿© ÀÌÀ±À» °ÅµÐ´Ù.” (V. I. Lenin: Imperialism and the Split in Socialism (1916); in: LCW Vol. 23, pp.114-115)

[28] Patrick Bond: BRICS and the sub-imperial location, in: Patrick Bond and Ana Garcia (Ed.): BRICS. An Anti-Capitalist Critique, p. 24

[29] ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â À§¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ´ÙÀ½ ¼ÒÃ¥ÀÚ¸¦ º¸¶ó. Michael Pröbsting: The China-India Conflict.

[30] <<¼¼°è Á¤¼¼Àü¸Á 2018³â (World Perspectives 2018: A World Pregnant with Wars and Popular Uprisings) >> 2Àå¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼³¸íÇßµíÀÌ, Çõ¸í°¡µéÀÌ ºÐÀïÀÇ ±¸Ã¼Àû ¼º°ÝÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ÇÑ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶ó¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö ³ª¶óÀÇ Æí¿¡ ¼­¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº °æ¿ìµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ RCIT´Â »ç¿ìµðÀÇ Ä§·«¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¿¹¸à ÀιÎÀ», »ç¿ìµðÀÇ ºÀ¼â¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© īŸ¸£¸¦, ¿¡Æ¼¿ÀÇÇ¾Æ ÁÖµµ AMISOM(¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¬ÇÕ±º) Á¡·É±º¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¼Ò¸»¸®¾Æ ÀιÎÀ» ¹æ¾îÇÑ´Ù.

[31] Michael Pröbsting: Dialectics and Wars in the Present Period. Preface to Rudolf Klement’s Principles and Tactics in War, June 2017, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/dialectics-war/.